Simulation of direct runoff volumes and peak rates for rural catchments in Kenya, East Africa

نویسندگان

  • J. O. ONYANDO
  • T. C. SHARMA
  • T. C. Sharma
چکیده

Estimation of direct runoff volume and peak runoff rates for small rural catchments in Kenya, East Africa, poses a problem in view of the limited gauged data available. The problem can be circumvented by adopting a modelling approach. This, however, does require some base data for model calibration and validation. A highly reliable data base for two small catchments, Sambret (7.02 km) and Lagan (5.44 km), for nearly 22 years (1958-1980) is used in the present study. These catchments lie in the headwaters of the Lake Victoria drainage basin in Kenya and were intensively instrumented by the former East African Agricultural and Forestry Research Organisation (E A AFRO). In the Sambret catchment, 41 rainfall-runoff events were available, out of which 25 were used for model calibration while the other 16 were used for validation. To further verify the applicability of the models to different catchments, 18 events from the neighbouring Lagan catchment were also used. The SCS curve number procedure proposed by the United States Soil Conservation Service was used to estimate the direct runoff volumes. The curve numbers were derived from storm rainfall-runoff relationships and the results obtained were satisfactory. Peak runoff rates were derived by both Nash and kinematic wave models for the estimated runoff volumes. The Nash model gave acceptable results in both Sambret and Lagan. The kinematic wave model performed well in Sambret only; in Lagan, it under-predicted the peak runoff rates. La simulation des volumes ruisselés et des débits de pointe de bassins versants ruraux du Kenya en Afrique de l'Est Résumé L'évaluation des volumes ruisselés et des débits de pointe de petits bassins hydrographiques ruraux du Kenya en Afrique de l'Est est délicate en raison de la quantité limitée de données de jaugeage disponibles. Cette difficulté peut être surmontée en adoptant une démarche de modélisation. Celle ci exige toutefois des bases de données pour calibrer et valider les modèles. Une base de donnée très fiable concernant deux petits bassins hydrographiques, Sambret (7.02 km) et Lagan (5.44 km) et couvrant une durée de presque 22 ans (1958-1980) a été utilisée dans la présente étude. Ces deux bassins hydrographiques se situent à l'amont du bassin versant du lac Victoria au Kenya et ont été bien équipés par l'ancienne Organisation de recherches agricoles et forestières de l'Afrique de l'Est (East Africa Agricultural and Forestry Open for discussion until I December 1995 368 J. O. Onyando & T. C. Sharma Research Organisation, EAAFRO). Dans le bassin du Sambret, 41 événements pluie-débit étaient disponibles, dont 25 ont été utilisés pour le calibrage du modèle, les 16 restant étant utilisés pour sa validation. De plus, pour vérifier l'applicabilité des modèles à différents bassins, 18 événements pluie-débit du bassin de Lagan, géographiquement très proche du bassin du Sambret, ont également été utilisés. Une méthode proposée par le Service de protection des sols des Etats Unis (The United States Soil Conservation Service, SCS) a été utilisée pour l'évaluation des volumes de ruissellement direct. Les hydrographes ont été déduits des relations pluie-débit observées et ont fourni des résultats satisfaisants. Les débits de pointe ont été calculés grâce aux modèles de Nash et de l'onde cinématique. Les résultats du modèle de Nash sont acceptables tant pour le bassin du Sambret que pour celui de Lagan. Le modèle de l'onde cinématique donne de bons résultats seulement pour le bassin du Sambret; à Lagan, ce modèle sous-évalue les débits de pointe.

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تاریخ انتشار 2007